Kubernetes Network

Posted Apr 14, 2024 Updated May 31, 2024

By Xiong Ding 19 min read

Network itself is a complicated subject. It becomes even tougher inside kubernetes. This doc is meant to introduce a lot of network concepts and components inside kubernetes.

I highly recommend Mark Betz’s 3-series blogs on k8s network.

Basically, in the same host, pod to pod networking is realized through virtual network interface bridge and veth. For pod to pod communication that across host, k8s has a service type that configure iptables NAT table. For traffic from outside of the cluster, then k8s has PortNode, LoadBalancer and Ingresss types.

I am shocked when finding out the kubernetes uses SPDY protocol today. SPDY is a abandoned protocol and is superseded by HTTP2. There is proposal to use websocket to replace SPDY in kubernetes. See this ticket. But It hasn’t been done yet!

Kube proxy

Mayank Shah wrote a clear explanation of how kube-proxy works. In a high level, kube-proxy is a kubernetes component responsible for traffic routing. It is a pod installed in each node that listens for service, Endpoint, EndpointSlice and node updates and then rewrites iptable rules of the node that it is running.

Let’s go deeper into the code!

Below is what is running inside a kube-proxy pod. No need to argue, this must a cobra program!

# ps -ef
UID        PID  PPID  C STIME TTY          TIME CMD
root         1     0  0 00:02 ?        00:00:01 kube-proxy --v=2 --config=/var/lib/kube-proxy-config/config

The entry point is here. It defines a ServiceConfig, EndpointConfig, EndpointSliceConfig and NodeConfig that listens for changes for these types of resources. Continuing reading the handlers registered for these configs, you will find that the main function that updates iptable rules is here. This is long function and I don’t want to explain all details inside. Let’s use an example to illustrate what this function does.

Namesapce test-jimmy is namespace in one of ziphq’s system cluster. Below is what is running inside it: a service and two pods belonging to this service.

$ k get service
NAME          TYPE        CLUSTER-IP      EXTERNAL-IP   PORT(S)   AGE
hello-world   ClusterIP   10.100.73.189   <none>        80/TCP    670d

$ k get pods -o wide
NAME                           READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE   IP              NODE                                          NOMINATED NODE   READINESS GATES
hello-world-0                  1/1     Running   0          67d   172.31.39.245   ip-172-31-33-184.us-east-2.compute.internal   <none>           <none>
hello-world-78c6ff5585-54px7   1/1     Running   0          67d   172.31.80.113   ip-172-31-81-18.us-east-2.compute.internal    <none>           <none>

And below is part of the iptables I grabbed from an ec2 instance inside this cluster. Irrelevant parts are removed.

# iptables -t nat -L

Chain KUBE-SERVICES (2 references)
target     prot opt source               destination
...
KUBE-SVC-DV4GL2IIJHQSYSNI  tcp  --  anywhere             ip-10-100-73-189.us-east-2.compute.internal  /* test-jimmy/hello-world: cluster IP */ tcp dpt:http
...

Chain KUBE-SEP-4SENZW6K2YNAYEVT (1 references)
target     prot opt source               destination
KUBE-MARK-MASQ  all  --  ip-172-31-39-245.us-east-2.compute.internal  anywhere             /* test-jimmy/hello-world: */
DNAT       tcp  --  anywhere             anywhere             /* test-jimmy/hello-world: */ tcp to:172.31.39.245:80

Chain KUBE-SEP-3UHZLYXV5R5LGKHL (1 references)
target     prot opt source               destination
KUBE-MARK-MASQ  all  --  ip-172-31-80-113.us-east-2.compute.internal  anywhere             /* test-jimmy/hello-world: */
DNAT       tcp  --  anywhere             anywhere             /* test-jimmy/hello-world: */ tcp to:172.31.80.113:80

Chain KUBE-SVC-DV4GL2IIJHQSYSNI (1 references)
target     prot opt source               destination
KUBE-SEP-4SENZW6K2YNAYEVT  all  --  anywhere             anywhere             /* test-jimmy/hello-world: */ statistic mode random probability 0.50000000000
KUBE-SEP-3UHZLYXV5R5LGKHL  all  --  anywhere             anywhere             /* test-jimmy/hello-world: */

First, the definitions of KUBE-SEP and KUBE-SVC are here. SVC stands for service. SEP stands for service endpoint.

Chain KUBE-SVC-DV4GL2IIJHQSYSNI has two targets, both targets are a service endpoint rule. It basically says if there is traffic for hello-world service, please route it the one of these two targets. You may wonder KUBE-SVC-hello-world is a much better chain name, why use some kind of random char sequence instead, then read this please. Also, notice at the top there is a chain KUBE-SERVICES that point this hello-world service to the correct ip address 10.100.73.189. The relevant code for writing service chain rule is here.

For each service endpoint, they have a DNAT rule. Using the first one as example, it says for traffic to this chain, please redirect it to ip address 172.31.39.245:80 which is the ip address of the corresponding pod. The relevant code for writing this iptable rule is here.

What will happen if we delete iptable rules? For example, for below service chain.

[ec2-user@ip-172-31-95-245 ~]$ sudo iptables -t nat -L KUBE-SVC-K33YM7QL3UKVXTHK --line-numbers
Chain KUBE-SVC-K33YM7QL3UKVXTHK (1 references)
num  target     prot opt source               destination
1    KUBE-SEP-XWNWQKCBWXXPVOLP  all  --  anywhere             anywhere             /* sample/helloworld:http -> 172.31.55.43:5000 */ statistic mode random probability 0.50000000000
2    KUBE-SEP-TXHPX2YG4URKEKRQ  all  --  anywhere             anywhere             /* sample/helloworld:http -> 172.31.83.230:5000 */

If I run sudo iptables -t nat -D KUBE-SVC-K33YM7QL3UKVXTHK 1. It shows

[ec2-user@ip-172-31-95-245 ~]$ sudo iptables -t nat -L KUBE-SVC-K33YM7QL3UKVXTHK --line-numbers
Chain KUBE-SVC-K33YM7QL3UKVXTHK (1 references)
num  target     prot opt source               destination
1    KUBE-SEP-TXHPX2YG4URKEKRQ  all  --  anywhere             anywhere             /* sample/helloworld:http -> 172.31.83.230:5000 */

After about a few seconds, I list the rules again

[ec2-user@ip-172-31-95-245 ~]$ sudo iptables -t nat -L KUBE-SVC-K33YM7QL3UKVXTHK --line-numbers
Chain KUBE-SVC-K33YM7QL3UKVXTHK (1 references)
num  target     prot opt source               destination
1    KUBE-SEP-XWNWQKCBWXXPVOLP  all  --  anywhere             anywhere             /* sample/helloworld:http -> 172.31.55.43:5000 */ statistic mode random probability 0.50000000000
2    KUBE-SEP-TXHPX2YG4URKEKRQ  all  --  anywhere             anywhere             /* sample/helloworld:http -> 172.31.83.230:5000 */

It shows up again! Kube-proxy is very resilient.

To sum up, kube-proxy is a component that keeps iptable rules in sync with the topology of the cluster. If you are critical reader, you may realize that in the iptables above, the destination of DNAT rule is an IP address, and the some places use ip-xxx.us-east-2.compute.internal DNS names. Then the questions is how kube-proxy get these ip addresses and how dns is resolved. The answer lies on CNI and coreDns.

CNI

In the kube-proxy section, we discussed how kube-proxy maintains iptable rules inside nodes. Iptable rules tells which ip address to route the traffic to. But wait a second, where are these ip addresses from? For pod-to-pod communication, each pod should have an IP address assigned. Then who assigns these ip addresses?

This attributes to CNI, i.e., Container Network Interface. CNI is a standard, and CNI plugin implements it. In a nutshell, CNI plugin is called by kubelet when a pod is created and destroyed. When a pod is created, kubelet sends a ADD request to CNI plugin, and CNI plugin returns a valid IP address. When a pod is destroyed, kubelet sends a DELETE request to CNI plugin to reclaim the IP address. CNI is simple, besides ADD and DELETE, there are only two other endpoints: CHECK and VERSION.

Sorry, I want to dive a little bit more into how CNI works. You can skip this paragraph if you are not interested. Requests are sent to CNI plugin by stdin together with some environment variables. Response is collected by stdout. It sounds incredibly simple, right? This reminds me of the old days of cgi protocol in web development. On one hand, it provides extreme flexibility for implementation. On the other hand, it makes logging a little bit inconvenient. Be careful of not sending any log to stdout! This also reminds me about goreplay middleware interface.

In AWS EKS, the CNI implementation is amazon-vpc-cni-k8s. Its proposal is a good starting point to understand the purpose of CNI.

All containers can communicate with all other containers without NAT
All nodes can communicate with all containers (and vice-versa) without NAT
The IP address that a container sees itself as is the same IP address that others see it as

NAT stands for Network Address Translation. Another document summarizes how this plugin works.

The AWS VPC CNI has two components. The CNI binary, /opt/cni/bin/aws-cni, and ipamd running as a Kubernetes daemonset called aws-node, adding a pod on every node that keeps track of all ENIs and IPs attached to the instance. The CNI binary is invoked by the kubelet when a new pod gets added to, or an existing pod removed from the node.

Let’s dive into these two components.

aws-cni

We need to ssh into the host to see where aws-cni is.

[ec2-user@ip-172-31-74-55 ~]$ ll /opt/cni/bin/
total 103440
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 33715560 Feb  3 01:28 aws-cni
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root    16318 Feb  3 01:28 aws-cni-support.sh
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root  4159518 May 13  2020 bandwidth
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root  4671647 May 13  2020 bridge
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 12124326 May 13  2020 dhcp
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root  5945760 May 13  2020 firewall
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root  3069556 May 13  2020 flannel
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root  4174394 May 13  2020 host-device
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root  3614480 May 13  2020 host-local
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root  4314598 May 13  2020 ipvlan
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root  3209463 May 13  2020 loopback
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root  4389622 May 13  2020 macvlan
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root  3939867 Feb  3 01:28 portmap
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root  4590277 May 13  2020 ptp
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root  3392826 May 13  2020 sbr
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root  2885430 May 13  2020 static
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root  3356587 May 13  2020 tuning
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root  4314446 May 13  2020 vlan

[ec2-user@ip-172-31-74-55 ~]$ cat /etc/cni/net.d/10-aws.conflist
{
  "cniVersion": "0.3.1",
  "name": "aws-cni",
  "plugins": [
    {
      "name": "aws-cni",
      "type": "aws-cni",
      "vethPrefix": "eni",
      "mtu": "9001",
      "pluginLogFile": "/var/log/aws-routed-eni/plugin.log",
      "pluginLogLevel": "Debug"
    },
    {
      "type": "portmap",
      "capabilities": {"portMappings": true},
      "snat": true
    }
  ]
}

You see that there are two plugins registered. aws-cni is the main one. The other one protmap is used to support hostPort. It is an official plugin published by CNI committee. More details can be found here https://www.cni.dev/plugins/current/meta/portmap/

The code for aws-cni is here. It is quite simple. It implements ADD and DELTETE endpoints of CNI by calling a gRPC service ipamd.

ipamd

ipamd stands for IP address manager daemon. It runs in the kube-system namespace in aws-node-xxx pod. Below lists the processes running inside a aws-note-xx pod.

bash-4.2# ps -ef
UID        PID  PPID  C STIME TTY          TIME CMD
root         1     0  0 06:04 ?        00:00:00 bash /app/entrypoint.sh
root         9     1  0 06:04 ?        00:00:02 ./aws-k8s-agent
root        10     1  0 06:04 ?        00:00:00 tee -i aws-k8s-agent.log
root      3118     0  0 06:22 pts/0    00:00:00 bash
root      3470  3118  0 06:23 pts/0    00:00:00 ps -ef

The entry point starts from here. Most details are in this file and are boring. Basically, each node reserves some ENI (AWS Elastic Network Interface) and a pool of private IP addresses when a node starts. One ENI will be assigned to the eth0 network interface. Usually, a node has two private ip addresses, i.e., eth0 and eth1, and one more ENI will be assigned to eth1. When a pod is attached to this node, ipamd creates a veth pair and assigns an private ip address to the veth inside this pod. We use an example to illustrate what happens under the hood.

Below I ssh into a node and list all network interfaces in this node.

[ec2-user@ip-172-31-74-55 ~]$ ip address show
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1000
    link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
    inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet6 ::1/128 scope host
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: eth0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 9001 qdisc mq state UP group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 06:2b:8b:69:f9:54 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
    inet 172.31.74.55/20 brd 172.31.79.255 scope global dynamic eth0
       valid_lft 3328sec preferred_lft 3328sec
    inet6 fe80::42b:8bff:fe69:f954/64 scope link
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
3: eni38fb9ccdc92@if3: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 9001 qdisc noqueue state UP group default
    link/ether 52:1f:ed:c6:db:64 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff link-netns cni-10808ca2-1399-80a4-aeeb-af7af8fe5b0e
    inet6 fe80::501f:edff:fec6:db64/64 scope link
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
4: enic2f0e5537df@if3: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 9001 qdisc noqueue state UP group default
    link/ether c2:36:fd:79:84:42 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff link-netns cni-a603b98f-1cbb-5d7b-3598-6d0534386140
    inet6 fe80::c036:fdff:fe79:8442/64 scope link
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
5: eni4c16b78ecbc@if3: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 9001 qdisc noqueue state UP group default
    link/ether 02:07:e8:b6:3d:45 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff link-netns cni-c94a5e10-0a59-4cb8-4ef5-534dfcce3c04
    inet6 fe80::7:e8ff:feb6:3d45/64 scope link
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
6: eth1: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 9001 qdisc mq state UP group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 06:91:75:77:fc:3e brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
    inet 172.31.76.93/20 brd 172.31.79.255 scope global eth1
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet6 fe80::491:75ff:fe77:fc3e/64 scope link
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever

Let’s explain the meaning of some fields in the above output first.

1:, 2:, … : index of the network interface. Yes, network interface is referenced by their index not their name!
lo, eth0, enixxx: the name of the interface.
mtu 9001: maximum transmission unit = 9001 bytes. A wired number???
link/ether 06:91:75:77:fc:3e: MAC address of this interface.
inet 172.31.76.93/20: ipv4 address.
link-netns cni-c94a5e10-0a59-4cb8-4ef5-534dfcce3c04: network namespace
if stands for network interface. @if3 means network interface index 3.

Other fields can be looked up online and are not important for the discussion follows.

You see that it has two private ip addresses: 172.31.74.55 and 172.31.76.93 which correspond to interface 2 and 6. Interface 1 is the loopback interface. Interface 2, 3, and 4 are veth interfaces. Each veth has two ends. One end is shown above. The other end is inside the network namespace cni-\*. Let’s take an example.

[ec2-user@ip-172-31-74-55 ~]$ sudo ip netns exec cni-c94a5e10-0a59-4cb8-4ef5-534dfcce3c04 ip addr
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1000
    link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
    inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet6 ::1/128 scope host
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
3: eth0@if5: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 9001 qdisc noqueue state UP group default
    link/ether 16:24:66:46:26:75 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff link-netnsid 0
    inet 172.31.74.233/32 scope global eth0
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet6 fe80::1424:66ff:fe46:2675/64 scope link
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever

You see that interface 5 in the default namespace and interface 3 in the cni-c94a5e10-0a59-4cb8-4ef5-534dfcce3c04 namespace are the two ends of a veth pair. That is what @if3 and @if5 mean in the output. Also, notice this interface has ip address 172.31.74.233. This is the same internal IP of the corresponding pod. See blow datadog pod.

$ k get po -A -o wide | grep ip-172-31-74-55
kube-system      aws-node-9dn9j                1/1     Running  0    4h43m   172.31.74.55    ip-172-31-74-55.us-east-2.compute.internal    <none>    <none>
kube-system      ebs-csi-node-8d88m            3/3     Running  0    4h43m   172.31.72.89    ip-172-31-74-55.us-east-2.compute.internal    <none>    <none>
kube-system      efs-csi-node-52j82            3/3     Running  0    4h43m   172.31.74.55    ip-172-31-74-55.us-east-2.compute.internal    <none>    <none>
kube-system      kube-proxy-sn9bb              1/1     Running  0    4h43m   172.31.74.55    ip-172-31-74-55.us-east-2.compute.internal    <none>    <none>
monitoring       datadog-xkxjd                 3/3     Running  0    4h42m   172.31.74.233   ip-172-31-74-55.us-east-2.compute.internal    <none>    <none>
monitoring       filebeat-ops-filebeat-55kx8   1/1     Running  0    4h42m   172.31.77.62    ip-172-31-74-55.us-east-2.compute.internal    <none>    <none>

We can do some fun things using ip command. First, let’s see what processes are running inside these network namespaces:

[ec2-user@ip-172-31-74-55 ~]$ f() { sudo ip netns pids $1 | xargs -I {} ps -p {} --no-headers ; }
[ec2-user@ip-172-31-74-55 ~]$ f cni-c94a5e10-0a59-4cb8-4ef5-534dfcce3c04
?        00:00:00 pause
?        00:08:16 agent
?        00:00:28 trace-agent
?        00:01:59 process-agent
[ec2-user@ip-172-31-74-55 ~]$ f cni-a603b98f-1cbb-5d7b-3598-6d0534386140
?        00:00:00 pause
?        00:00:20 filebeat
[ec2-user@ip-172-31-74-55 ~]$ f cni-10808ca2-1399-80a4-aeeb-af7af8fe5b0e
?        00:00:00 pause
?        00:00:01 aws-ebs-csi-dri
?        00:00:00 csi-node-driver
?        00:00:02 livenessprobe

Ah! datadog-agent, filebeat and aws related drivers are running inside these namespaces.

Second, let’s run a http server in one namespace.

[ec2-user@ip-172-31-74-55 ~]$ sudo ip netns exec cni-c94a5e10-0a59-4cb8-4ef5-534dfcce3c04 python -m SimpleHTTPServer
Serving HTTP on 0.0.0.0 port 8000 ...

This is equivalent to k exec pod -- python -m SimpleHTTPServer. Then we curl it

[ec2-user@ip-172-31-74-55 ~]$ curl 172.31.74.233:8000
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 3.2 Final//EN"><html>
<title>Directory listing for /</title>
<body>
<h2>Directory listing for /</h2>
<hr>
<ul>
<li><a href=".bash_history">.bash_history</a>
<li><a href=".bash_logout">.bash_logout</a>
<li><a href=".bash_profile">.bash_profile</a>
<li><a href=".bashrc">.bashrc</a>
<li><a href=".cache/">.cache/</a>
<li><a href=".lesshst">.lesshst</a>
<li><a href=".ssh/">.ssh/</a>
</ul>
<hr>
</body>
</html>

Bingo! The IP assigned to this namespace works. It must work!!. But then the question is how this host know which namespace or network interface the above request should be sent to. Why does the node know it should not send the request to the other two veth interfaces? The answer also lies on CNI plugin. It not only assigns an IP address to a pod, but it also sets up the routing rule. See below output. Read more detail here.

[ec2-user@ip-172-31-74-55 ~]$ ip route show
default via 172.31.64.1 dev eth0
254.169.254 dev eth0
31.64.0/20 dev eth0 proto kernel scope link src 172.31.74.55
31.72.89 dev eni38fb9ccdc92 scope link
31.74.233 dev eni4c16b78ecbc scope link
31.77.62 dev enic2f0e5537df scope link

[ec2-user@ip-172-31-74-55 ~]$ ip rule list
     from all lookup local
   from all to 172.31.72.89 lookup main
   from all to 172.31.77.62 lookup main
   from all to 172.31.74.233 lookup main
  from all fwmark 0x80/0x80 lookup main
 from all lookup main
 from all lookup default

At this point, I hope you have a good understanding about how CNI works inside AWS EKS :).

CoreDNS

In kube-proxy section, we discussed how kube-proxy manages iptables and we see domain name like ip-172-31-80-113.us-east-2.compute.internal shows up in the iptables rules. For packets to transmit, there is step of translating this name to an IP address. Who does this work for us then? The answer is CoreDNS.

See below resolv.conf file I grabbed from a random pod. You see the name server points to 10.100.0.10 which is the IP address of the kube-dns service.

root@server-684c765d78-6z4wv:/app# cat /etc/resolv.conf
nameserver 10.100.0.10
search qa.svc.cluster.local svc.cluster.local cluster.local us-east-2.compute.internal
options ndots:5

$ k get svc kube-dns -n kube-system
NAME       TYPE        CLUSTER-IP    EXTERNAL-IP   PORT(S)         AGE
kube-dns   ClusterIP   10.100.0.10   <none>        53/UDP,53/TCP   2y73d

Note that the service name is kube-dns not coredns. This is because before CoreDNS was invented, kubernetes uses kube-dns. CoreDNS is a replacement of kube-dns, and it decided to reuse the same service name kube-dns to make it easy to upgrade kubernetes clusters. Check out this page for more details.

The dig command below also shows SERVER: 10.100.0.10#53.

root@server-684c765d78-6z4wv:/app# dig redis.production +search

; <<>> DiG 9.16.37-Debian <<>> redis.production +search
;; global options: +cmd
;; Got answer:
;; WARNING: .local is reserved for Multicast DNS
;; You are currently testing what happens when an mDNS query is leaked to DNS
;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 51089
;; flags: qr aa rd; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 1, AUTHORITY: 0, ADDITIONAL: 1
;; WARNING: recursion requested but not available

;; OPT PSEUDOSECTION:
; EDNS: version: 0, flags:; udp: 4096
; COOKIE: efb9d7acd5ce18a1 (echoed)
;; QUESTION SECTION:
;redis.production.svc.cluster.local. IN A

;; ANSWER SECTION:
redis.production.svc.cluster.local. 5 IN A      10.100.215.197

;; Query time: 0 msec
;; SERVER: 10.100.0.10#53(10.100.0.10)
;; WHEN: Sun Feb 05 04:38:21 UTC 2023
;; MSG SIZE  rcvd: 125

How does it work

CoreDNS loads its config file from a configmap as below.

$ k describe configmap coredns
Name:         coredns
Namespace:    kube-system
Labels:       eks.amazonaws.com/component=coredns
              k8s-app=kube-dns
Annotations:  <none>

Data
====
Corefile:
----
.:53 {
    errors
    health
    kubernetes cluster.local in-addr.arpa ip6.arpa {
      pods insecure
      fallthrough in-addr.arpa ip6.arpa
    }
    prometheus :9153
    forward . /etc/resolv.conf
    cache 30
    loop
    reload
    loadbalance
}


BinaryData
====

Events:  <none>

Each row in the curly bracket is a plugin. Here we only care about the kubernetes plugin. It has a few parameters.

cluster.local, in-addr.arpa and ip6.arpa are zone names, among which, cluster.local is the primary zone.
pods insecure means when resolving a pod’s address, we do not verify the existence of this pod. The other option is verified.
fallthrough in-addr.arpa ip6.arpa: [TODO: read this part]

Checkout the initialization code.

OK, we said enough about configuration. Let’s see how kubernetes plugin works. Let’s use the above dig example dig redis.production +search. The entry point is here. First, it will find out the matching zone for this request, which matches cluster.local. Then after a few function jumps, it comes to here. The interesting part is this line

	r, e := parseRequest(state.Name(), state.Zone)

This function translates a DNS request to a kubernetes lookup request. What I mean is, using our example, it translate the DNS request for host name redis.production.svc.cluster.local. to a request of finding out the service redis in namespace production. Once this service is retrieved from kubernetes api server, then the internal IP of this service is returned to the DNS client. Here, state.Name() is the DNS query question name, which is redis.production.svc.cluster.local. (copied below).

;; QUESTION SECTION:
;redis.production.svc.cluster.local. IN A

state.Zone is cluster.local.. If you read this function carefully, you will see that it only support 3 different types of DNS host name. Here we show some examples.

Query by service name

# dig redis.production.svc.cluster.local +noall +answer
redis.production.svc.cluster.local. 5 IN A      10.100.215.197

Query by endpoints id

# dig 172-31-89-91.redis-master.production.svc.cluster.local +noall +answer
172-31-89-91.redis-master.production.svc.cluster.local. 5 IN A 172.31.89.91

Here the ip address is the ip of endpoints redis-master.

Query by pod id

# dig 172-31-89-91.production.pod.cluster.local +noall +answer
172-31-89-91.production.pod.cluster.local. 5 IN A 172.31.89.91

Here the ip address is the ip of a pod redis-master-0.

kubernetes

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